IRIX Base Documentation 2001 May/SGI IRIX Base Documentation 2001 May.iso/usr/share/catman/u_man/cat1/ls.z/ls

Text File | 2001-04-17 | 18.9 KB | 397 lines

llllssss((((1111))))                                                                    llllssss((((1111))))



NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
     _llll_ssss - list contents of directory

SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
     _llll_ssss _[[[[_----_RRRR_aaaa_dddd_LLLL_CCCC_xxxx_mmmm_llll_nnnn_oooo_gggg_rrrr_tttt_uuuu_cccc_pppp_FFFF_bbbb_qqqq_iiii_ssss_ffff_1111_AAAA_MMMM_SSSS_DDDD_PPPP_]]]] _[[[[_n_a_m_e_s_]]]]

DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
     For each directory argument, _llll_ssss lists the contents of the directory; for
     each file argument, _llll_ssss repeats its name and any other information
     requested.  The output is sorted alphabetically by default.  When
     arguments are not given, the current directory is listed.  When several
     arguments are given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but
     file arguments appear before directories and their contents.  _llll_ssss
     processes supplementary code set characters according to the locale
     specified in the _LLLL_CCCC______CCCC_TTTT_YYYY_PPPP_EEEE and _LLLL_CCCC______CCCC_OOOO_LLLL_LLLL_AAAA_TTTT_EEEE environment variables [see _LLLL_AAAA_NNNN_GGGG
     on _eeee_nnnn_vvvv_iiii_rrrr_oooo_nnnn(5)], except as noted under the _----_bbbb and _----_qqqq options below.

     There are three major listing formats.  The default format for output
     directed to a terminal is multi-column with entries sorted down the
     columns.  The options _----_CCCC and _----_xxxx enable multi-column formats; and the _----_mmmm
     option enables stream output format, in which files are listed across the
     page, separated by commas.

     To determine output formats for the _----_CCCC, _----_xxxx, and _----_mmmm options, _llll_ssss uses an
     environment variable, _CCCC_OOOO_LLLL_UUUU_MMMM_NNNN_SSSS, to determine the number of positions
     available on one output line.  If this variable is not set, and the
     output is directed to a terminal, the number of positions is obtained
     from the terminal device.  If this information cannot be obtained, 80
     columns are assumed.

     The _llll_ssss command has the following options:

     _----_RRRR   Recursively list subdirectories encountered.

     _----_aaaa   List all entries, including those that begin with a period (_....),
          which are normally not listed.

     _----_AAAA   Like _----_aaaa except it does not list the . and .. directories.

     _----_dddd   If an argument is a directory, list only its name (not its
          contents); often used with _----_llll to get the status of a directory.

     _----_LLLL   When listing status, if an argument is a symbolic link, list the
          status of the file or directory referenced by the link rather than
          that of the link itself.  This option will have no effect if the
          argument is a dangling link.

     _----_HHHH   If the file is a symbolic link, list the file itself.  This is the
          default behavior, except for a symbolic link to a directory in the
          absence of the _----_llll option, in which case the _----_LLLL behavior is used by
          default.  _----_HHHH and _----_LLLL cancel one another in command line order.




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llllssss((((1111))))                                                                    llllssss((((1111))))



     _----_CCCC   Multi-column output with entries sorted down the columns.  This is
          the default output format.

     _----_xxxx   Multi-column output with entries sorted across rather than down the
          page.

     _----_mmmm   Stream output format; files are listed across the page, separated by
          commas.

     _----_llll   List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, group,
          size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file (see
          below).  If the file has an Access Control List (ACL) the mode
          specification will be followed by a ``_++++''.  If the file is
          a special file, the size field contains the major and minor device
          numbers rather than a size.  If the file is a symbolic link, the
          filename is printed followed by ``_----_>>>>'' and the pathname of the
          referenced file.

     _----_nnnn   The same as _----_llll, except that the owner's _UUUU_IIII_DDDD and group's _GGGG_IIII_DDDD numbers
          are printed, rather than the associated character strings.

     _----_oooo   The same as _----_llll, except that the group is not printed.

     _----_gggg   The same as _----_llll, except that the owner is not printed.

     _----_hhhh   When file sizes are printed, print them in a format that is easier
          to read for large files.  The size will consist of the number of
          units followed by a unit specifier ('b' for bytes, 'K' for
          kilobytes, 'M' for megabytes, 'G' for gigabytes, etc.)

     _----_rrrr   Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or oldest first
          as appropriate.

     _----_tttt   Sort by time stamp (latest first) instead of by name.  The default
          is the last modification time.  (See _----_uuuu and _----_cccc.)

     _----_uuuu   Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting
          (with the _----_tttt option) or printing (with the _----_llll option).

     _----_cccc   Use time of last modification of the i-node (file created, mode
          changed, and so on) for sorting (_----_tttt) or printing (_----_llll).

     _----_pppp   Put a slash (_////) after each filename if the file is a directory.

     _----_FFFF   Put a slash (_////) after each filename if the file is a directory, an
          asterisk (_****) if the file is executable, an equal sign (_====) if the
          file is an AF_UNIX address family socket, and an ampersand (_@@@@) if
          the file is a symbolic link.  Unless the _----_HHHH option is also used,
          symbolic links are followed to see if they might be a directory; see
          above.





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llllssss((((1111))))                                                                    llllssss((((1111))))



     _----_bbbb   Force printing of non-printable characters to be in the octal _\\\\_d_d_d
          notation.  All multibyte characters are considered printable.

     _----_qqqq   Force printing of non-printable characters in file names as the
          character question mark (_????).  All multibyte characters are
          considered printable.

     _----_iiii   For each file, print the i-node number in the first column of the
          report.

     _----_ssss   Give size in blocks, including indirect blocks, for each entry.
          Holes in files are not included in the size.  A ``block'' is 512
          bytes.

     _----_SSSS   Show the canonical device name associated with a special file, if it
          can be determined.

     _----_ffff   Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the
          name found in each slot.  This option turns off _----_llll, _----_tttt, _----_ssss, and _----_rrrr,
          and turns on _----_aaaa; the order is the order in which entries appear in
          the directory.

     _----_1111   Print one entry per line of output.

     _----_MMMM   Print the mandatory access control ( MAC ) label of each entry,
          enclosed in square brackets.  The _----_MMMM option may be set automatically
          by setting the environment variable LABELFLAG to the (case
          insensitive) string "on", other values have no effect.  If MAC is
          not enabled, the square brackets will be empty.

     _----_DDDD   Print the Access Control List ( ACL ) for the entry as an _aaaa_cccc_llll(4)
          string enclosed in square brackets.  If the ACL is empty or support
          for ACLs is not installed, the square brackets will be empty.

     _----_PPPP   Print the capabilities for the entry as a _cccc_aaaa_pppp_aaaa_bbbb_iiii_llll_iiii_tttt_iiii_eeee_ssss(4) string
          enclosed in square brackets.

     If MAC, ACL, and capabilities are all requested (-DMP in any order), the
     entries are displayed in the order MAC, capabilities, ACL.

     Specifying more than one of the options in the following mutually
     exclusive pairs is not considered an error: _----_CCCC and _----_llll(ell), _----_mmmm and
     _----_llll(ell), _----_xxxx and _----_llll(ell), _----_CCCC and _----_1111(one), _----_cccc and _----_uuuu.  The last option
     specified in each pair determines the output format.

     The mode printed under the _----_llll option consists of eleven possible
     characters.  The first character may be one of the following:

          _dddd   if the entry is a directory;
          _llll   if the entry is a symbolic link;





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llllssss((((1111))))                                                                    llllssss((((1111))))



          _bbbb   if the entry is a block special file;
          _cccc   if the entry is a character special file;
          _ssss   if the entry is a _XXXX_EEEE_NNNN_IIII_XXXX semaphore;
          _mmmm   if the entry is a _XXXX_EEEE_NNNN_IIII_XXXX shared data (memory);
          _pppp   if the entry is a fifo (named pipe) special file;
          _SSSS   if the entry is an AF_UNIX address family socket;
          _----   if the entry is a regular file.

     The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each.
     The first set refers to the owner's permissions; the next to permissions
     of others in the user-group of the file; and the last to all others.
     Within each set, the three characters indicate permission to read, write,
     and execute the file as a program, respectively.  For a directory,
     ``execute'' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search the
     directory for a specified file.

     _llll_ssss _----_llll (the long list) prints its output as follows:

          _----_rrrr_wwww_xxxx_rrrr_wwww_xxxx_rrrr_wwww_xxxx  _1111 _ssss_mmmm_iiii_tttt_hhhh  _dddd_eeee_vvvv    _1111_0000_8888_7777_6666  _MMMM_aaaa_yyyy _1111_6666 _9999_::::_4444_2222 _pppp_aaaa_rrrr_tttt_2222

     Reading from right to left, you see that the current directory holds one
     file, named _pppp_aaaa_rrrr_tttt_2222.  Next, the last time that file's contents were
     modified was 9:42 A.M. on May 16.  The file contains 10,876 bytes.  The
     owner of the file, or the user, belongs to the group _dddd_eeee_vvvv (perhaps
     indicating ``development''), and their login name is _ssss_mmmm_iiii_tttt_hhhh.  The number,
     in this case _1111, indicates the number of links to file _pppp_aaaa_rrrr_tttt_2222 [see _cccc_pppp(1)].
     Finally, the dash and letters tell you that user, group, and others have
     permissions to read, write, and execute _pppp_aaaa_rrrr_tttt_2222.

     The execute (_xxxx) symbol here occupies the third position of the three-
     character sequence.  A _---- in the third position would have indicated a
     denial of execution permissions.

     The permissions are indicated as follows:

          _rrrr   the file is readable
          _wwww   the file is writable
          _xxxx   the file is executable
          _----   the indicated permission is not granted
          _LLLL   mandatory locking occurs during access (the set-group-ID bit is
              on and the group execution bit is off)
          _ssss   the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is on, and the corresponding
              user or group execution bit is also on
          _SSSS   undefined bit-state (the set-user-ID bit is on and the user
              execution bit is off)
          _tttt   the 1000 (octal) bit, or sticky bit, is on [see _cccc_hhhh_mmmm_oooo_dddd(1)], and
              execution is on
          _TTTT   the 1000 bit is turned on, and execution is off (undefined bit-
              state)






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llllssss((((1111))))                                                                    llllssss((((1111))))



     For user and group permissions, the third position is sometimes occupied
     by a character other than _xxxx or _----.  _ssss also may occupy this position,
     referring to the state of the set-ID bit, whether it be the user's or the
     group's.  The ability to assume the same ID as the user during execution
     is, for example, used during login when you begin as root but need to
     assume the identity of the user you login as.

     In the case of the sequence of group permissions, _LLLL may occupy the third
     position.  _LLLL refers to mandatory file and record locking.  This
     permission describes a file's ability to allow other files to lock its
     reading or writing permissions during access.

     For other permissions, the third position may be occupied by _tttt or _TTTT.
     These refer to the state of the sticky bit and execution permissions.

EEEEXXXXAAAAMMMMPPPPLLLLEEEESSSS
     An example of a file's permissions is:

          _----_rrrr_wwww_xxxx_rrrr_----_----_rrrr_----_----

     This describes a file that is readable, writable, and executable by the
     user and readable by the group and others.

     Another example of a file's permissions is:

          _----_rrrr_wwww_ssss_rrrr_----_xxxx_rrrr_----_xxxx

     This describes a file that is readable, writable, and executable by the
     user, readable and executable by the group and others, and allows its
     user-ID to be assumed, during execution, by the user presently executing
     it.

     Another example of a file's permissions is:

          _----_rrrr_wwww_----_rrrr_wwww_LLLL_----_----_----

     This describes a file that is readable and writable only by the user and
     the group and can be locked during access.

     An example of a command line:

          _llll_ssss _----_aaaa

     This command prints the names of all files in the current directory,
     including those that begin with a dot (_....), which normally do not print.

     Another example of a command line:

          _llll_ssss _----_aaaa_iiii_ssss_nnnn






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llllssss((((1111))))                                                                    llllssss((((1111))))



     This command provides information on all files, including those that
     begin with a dot (_aaaa), the i-number of the file printed in the left-hand
     column (_iiii); the size (in blocks) of the files, printed in the column to
     the right of the i-numbers (_ssss); finally, the report is displayed in the
     numeric version of the long list, printing the UID (instead of user name)
     and GID (instead of group name) numbers associated with the files.

     When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of
     blocks, including indirect blocks, excluding holes, is printed.

FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS
     _////_eeee_tttt_cccc_////_pppp_aaaa_ssss_ssss_wwww_dddd
          user IDs for _llll_ssss _----_llll and _llll_ssss _----_oooo
     _////_eeee_tttt_cccc_////_gggg_rrrr_oooo_uuuu_pppp
          group IDs for _llll_ssss _----_llll and _llll_ssss _----_gggg
     _////_eeee_tttt_cccc_////_mmmm_aaaa_cccc
          MAC label names for _llll_ssss _----_MMMM
     _////_uuuu_ssss_rrrr_////_llll_iiii_bbbb_////_llll_oooo_cccc_aaaa_llll_eeee_////_l_o_c_a_l_e_////_LLLL_CCCC______MMMM_EEEE_SSSS_SSSS_AAAA_GGGG_EEEE_SSSS_////_uuuu_xxxx_cccc_oooo_rrrr_eeee_...._aaaa_bbbb_iiii
          language-specific message file [See _LLLL_AAAA_NNNN_GGGG on _eeee_nnnn_vvvv_iiii_rrrr_oooo_nnnn (5).]
SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
     _cccc_hhhh_mmmm_oooo_dddd(1), _ffff_iiii_nnnn_dddd(1)
EEEENNNNVVVVIIIIRRRROOOONNNNMMMMEEEENNNNTTTT
     If the environment variable _HHHH_UUUU_MMMM_AAAA_NNNN______BBBB_LLLL_OOOO_CCCC_KKKK_SSSS is set, it implies _----_hhhh.  If the
     environment variable _PPPP_OOOO_SSSS_IIII_XXXX_LLLL_YYYY______CCCC_OOOO_RRRR_RRRR_EEEE_CCCC_TTTT is set, _llll_ssss processes exactly as
     specified by the POSIX standeard.
NNNNOOOOTTTTEEEESSSS
     Unprintable characters in file names may confuse the columnar output
     options.
     The total block count will be incorrect if there are hard links among the
     files.

























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